Natalie Houston Daniels, MD. Board Certified Dermatologist & Fellowship-Trained Cosmetic Dermatologist. 4.9 out of 5. 256 ratings, 144 comments. Schedule an appointment at: Bella Pelle Dermatology and Cosmetic Laser Center. Dr. Natalie Daniels is board certified in Dermatology and is the only Cosmetic Dermatologist in our area who completed an ...Cosmetic procedures performed by our dermatologists. Botox & Dysport: Safe, quick and effective way to diminish the appearance of unwanted facial lines. Fillers: Replace volume that has been lost due to aging and diminish fine lines caused by aging, sun exposure and smoking. Fraxel: Laser used to improve widespread sun spots, brown spots, fine ... If you are a care provider seeking a referral to our Laser and Cosmetic Center: Call: 503-494-6483. Fax: 503-494-0596 ( Fax form) Email: [email protected]. Trust your skin to the dermatologists and skin care experts at OHSU to help you look younger, reduce the appearance of aging, and correct undesired conditions. Key Laser is a center of excellence in the use of cosmetic regenerative medicine to restore youthful beauty and vitality to the skin and body. Dr. Douglas Key, a board-certified dermatologist, established Key Laser in Portland, Oregon in 1998. His vision was to create a specialty practice focused exclusively on the non-invasive prevention and ...Cosmetic procedures performed by our dermatologists. Botox & Dysport: Safe, quick and effective way to diminish the appearance of unwanted facial lines. Fillers: Replace volume that has been lost due to aging and diminish fine lines caused by aging, sun exposure and smoking. Fraxel: Laser used to improve widespread sun spots, brown spots, fine ...David J. Goldberg, MD, JD is recognized nationally and internationally for his innovative work with skin lasers, cosmetic dermatology and non-invasive facial and body rejuvenation techniques. A board-certified …PMID: 25279487. Abstract. Lasers have become a critical part of the dermatologist's armamentarium for modulating cutaneous biology, both in treating skin disorders and providing … Dr. Sabrina Fabi is considered a leading authority on Ultherapy. She has pioneered many of its current applications, including its combination with other injectables and laser treatments to achieve a natural 3-dimensional rejuvenation on both the face and body. Dr. Fabi believes in looking and feeling your best at any age and helps her patients ... Our Practice. Learn more about Miami Dermatology & Laser Institute located in Miami, FL. Call (305) 615-2393 for your appointment with a board certified dermatologist. ThermiVa Overview. Cosmetic Laser Dermatology is excited to have been one of the first practices in America to offer ThermiVa treatment, an innovative non-invasive surgery for the vagina developed by the makers of ThermiTight and ThermiLift. Many women suffer from vaginal stretching and laxity in the labia, especially after childbirth.Contact us. To schedule an appointment, please call (800) 770-9282 or (916) 286-6130. Our cosmetic dermatology experts focus on treatments that help you look your best. We treat wrinkles, scars, age spots, rosacea and more.Fractional lasers were developed to shorten recovery time and reduce the risk of side effects. Laser resurfacing can lessen the appearance of fine lines in the face. It can also …Cosmetic Laser Dermatology, San Diego, California. 5,915 likes · 40 talking about this · 861 were here. Trust your skin to the dermatology experts.Our state of the art laser equipment and cosmetic treatments address a range of cosmetic dermatology needs such as r emoval of blood vessels, facial pigmentation, acne scarring, laser hair removal, s kin laxity and sun damage, r adiofrequency (RF) treatments, a nti-wrinkle injections, and chemical peels and m icrodermabrasion. The highly skilled professionals at the LA Dermatology Laser & Cosmetic Center are dedicated to providing an excellent experience in a friendly and relaxing environment. Our Amazing Providers Our providers are trained in state-of-the-art cosmetic dermatology services. We offer laser, cosmetic and medical procedures at this location, and the services are performed by a Harvard fellowship-trained, board-certified dermatologist. Learn More. LHMC provides a full range of laser procedures and cosmetic dermatology services at our Lynnfield location. Call 781-744-7993 to make an appointment.The highly skilled professionals at the LA Dermatology Laser & Cosmetic Center are dedicated to providing an excellent experience in a friendly and relaxing environment. Our Amazing Providers. Our providers are trained in state-of-the-art cosmetic dermatology services. Let them take care of you and help make your dreams come true.Immediate appointments available at many of our 160+ Locations. Cosmetics/aesthetics. You can trust Advanced Dermatology’s experienced providers with all your cosmetic & aesthetic needs, from skin rejuvenation to cosmetic surgery, hair restoration & more.Dr. Manoharan is one of Australia’s leading laser dermatologists. He specialises in the use of energy based devices for both medical and cosmetic dermatology. Actively involved in education, he has a major role in the training of dermatologists and dermatology registrars, junior doctors, general practitioners, pharmacists and medical students ... Laser and Cosmetic Dermatology. UC San Diego Health Department of Dermatology offers a full range of cosmetic and laser treatments performed by. Dr. Arisa Ortiz, a board-certified expert in the latest techniques. We can work with you to create a customized treatment plan that meets your specific needs. Cosmetic Dermatology Center. At the Cosmetic Dermatology Center, Johns Hopkins experts work with you to address skin concerns and combat the effects of sun damage and aging. We offer the latest approaches to improve the health and appearance of your skin and minimize acne scars, age spots (liver spots), smile lines, spider veins, sun damage and ... If you are a care provider seeking a referral to our Laser and Cosmetic Center: Call: 503-494-6483. Fax: 503-494-0596 ( Fax form) Email: [email protected]. Trust your skin to the dermatologists and skin care experts at OHSU to help you look younger, reduce the appearance of aging, and correct undesired conditions. Schedule your complimentary cosmetic consultation today. At Rhode Island Dermatology, we are committed to providing you with the most advanced procedures available today. We restore youth, while preserving the beauty and functional health of your skin. AZADEH SHIRAZI. Internationally renowned board-certified Dermatologist in La Jolla Dr. Azadeh Shirazi, or Dr. Azi, as her patients know her, specializes in a wide range of skincare and beauty treatments to ensure you have the skin you desire. As founder of La Jolla Dermatology & Laser Surgery Center, she embodies a strong passion for aesthetics ... Cosmetic dermatology services include chemical peels, microneedling (collagen induction therapy), Botox, fillers, and laser treatments. OUR MISSION. At the Art of Dermatology, we deliver the highest standard of …Our cosmetic services are proven to help reduce the appearance of aging, facial wrinkles and scars, and resurface sun-damaged, aged, or rough skin. Laser Dermatology. Using the latest advancements in light- and laser-based technology, our providers can solve a variety of your skin problems with minimal downtime and recovery.October 12, 2021. By Mitchel P. Goldman, MD. Cosmetic Laser Dermatology: A 35-Year Perspective. The Ultrapulse CO2 laser and the laser resurfacing procedure in 1990. The …At Cosmetic Laser Dermatology, our entire team prides ourselves in providing the highest level of patient care and satisfaction -- it's unfortunate this wasn't provided during your experience when attempting to schedule an appointment with us. If you'd like to discuss your situation further or have any concerns we can address, please call our ...01. Get to know Dr. Paz and his dermatology team. 02. Discuss your unique goals and concerns. 03. Receive a personalized procedure plan. FRESNO OFFICE 559-233-3376. VISALIA OFFICE 559-385-2133. BOOK A CONSULTATION. Cosmetic laser procedures are performed in the physician's office and most patients can return to their normal activities, such as work or exercise, immediately following a treatment. The UPMC Cosmetic Surgery and Skin Care Center uses several lasers for a variety of treatments and skin resurfacing. During your initial consultation, the staff ... At Advanced Skin Clinic & Surgery, we offer a variety of both cosmetic and laser dermatology services. Keep reading to learn more or call our office with any questions. (909) 946-8600 Plain and simple- We know skin. We are a team of Dermatologists, cosmetic surgeons, aesthetic nurses, and skin care specialists, who use the most advanced and effective treatments, and state-of-the-art laser procedures available. We pride ourselves on our outstanding results. We provide the most luxurious experience; unlike any other.Dr Adrian Lim, Dr Mark Elvy and Dr Simon Thibault along with our team of Sonographers assess and treat your condition with Sclerotherapy and EndoVenous Laser for leg veins . Please call reception on 02 9262 7774 for an appointment. Learn more …Address. Jacksonville Dermatology & Cosmetic Surgery 6817 Southpoint Pkwy Ste 101 Jacksonville, FL 32216 (904) 420-7372.Dr. Hal Farber is a renowned speaker, sought after guest lecturer, and voted a Main Line Top Doctor multiple years in a row. Channel 17 voted Dr Farber best dermatologist in Philadelphia. Dr. Farber has lectured and trained multiple physicians on cosmetic dermatology aspects including various state of the art lasers, Botox, and beyond.Southside Dermatology & Laser Cosmetic Center, Jacksonville, Florida. 2,206 likes · 9 talking about this · 721 were here. Dr.Pentel offers the best cosmetic dermatology services in Jacksonville....Dr. Franziska Ringpfeil offers cosmetic dermatology & laser surgery services such as chemical peels, facial fillers, microdermbrasion and more at her Philadelphia dermatology center. Home email 215.545.5458 Book ... One of our most popular cosmetic services is laser hair removal. We utilize several cutting-edge lasers that are specific for each ...Call/Text 858.943.2113. Our skin care center works hard to remain at the forefront of laser and cosmetic surgery research. Our studies are conducted by board-certified dermatologists in pursuit of advancing the field of cosmetic and laser dermatology while optimizing your skin in the process. Call us in San Diego today.Brisbane Skin is a unique concept in dermatology, offering the best of medical care in a luxurious, welcoming environment. A state-of-the-art laser clinic and cosmetic dermatologist Brisbane. Book a consultation today. Contact us. To schedule an appointment, please call (800) 770-9282 or (916) 286-6130. Our cosmetic dermatology experts focus on treatments that help you look your best. We treat wrinkles, scars, age spots, rosacea and more. CALL. You can contact our Anaheim Hills office at 714-974-3272 or our Huntington Beach office at 714-848-5851.Laser skin resurfacing is a type of skin care procedure performed by a dermatologist or physician. It involves using lasers to help improve skin texture and … Cosmetic laser procedures are performed in the physician's office and most patients can return to their normal activities, such as work or exercise, immediately following a treatment. The UPMC Cosmetic Surgery and Skin Care Center uses several lasers for a variety of treatments and skin resurfacing. During your initial consultation, the staff ... Properties of laser light. ‘Laser’ is an acronym: l ight a mplification by the s timulated e mission of r adiation. Lasers are sources of high-intensity light with the following properties: Monochromatic — the radiation is of a single wavelength. Coherent — the light beam waves are in phase. Collimated — the light beams travel in ...Call our office directly at 419.948.DERM (3376) Voted Best Dermatologist in Toledo, and also voted Best Doctor in Toledo, Dr. Matthew Molenda and Bravia Dermatology is the destination for world class skin care. Dr. Molenda completed his fellowship training in Mohs and Reconstructive, Cosmetic, and Laser surgery at the Cleveland Clinic ...Dr Nina is an experienced medical, laser and cosmetic dermatologist . Her special interests include acne & acne scarring, rosacea, melasma, scars and laser dermatology. Dr Nina Wines is the co-founder and principal dermatologist of one of Australia’s largest & leading dermatology clinics, Northern Sydney Dermatology & Laser. She has gained a ... Get To Know Dr. Goldman. Inspired by his father to choose a profession that provided a valuable service to his community, Dr. Goldman started practicing medicine in 1982 and completed his dermatology residency in 1986. He is a graduate of Stanford University Medical School and Boston University (Summa Cum Laude and Phi Beta Kappa). Experience superior laser skincare here at McLean + Potomac Dermatology and Skincare Center. We offer the most advanced technology on the market to give your skin an incredible, youthful glow. Intense Pulsed Light (IPL): for vascular lesions and sun-damaged skin. Fractional Laser: For skin resurfacing, acne scar reduction, and stretch marks.Dr. William Groff is a board-certified dermatologist who has specialized in cosmetic dermatology and laser surgery for over 19 years. He is recognized as an acclaimed expert with laser procedures, cosmetic injectables, vein therapy, body contouring, liposculpture, tattoo removal, and skin tightening treatments.Dermatologic surgery is the use of surgical, reconstructive, injectable, and laser procedures for the treatment of various medical and cosmetic conditions of the skin. Dermatologic surgeons are experts in the use of minimally invasive procedures requiring local anesthesia. Specialties: We combine major cosmetic breakthroughs of science and medicine with the art of vision, creativity, and skill to bring our patients the ultimate in rejuvenation, and personalized attention, in a warm social environment. We will work with you to design a prescription for rejuvenation based on your own unique cosmetic goals. We offer an environment staffed with dedicated medical ... Key Laser is a center of excellence in the use of cosmetic regenerative medicine to restore youthful beauty and vitality to the skin and body. Dr. Douglas Key, a board-certified dermatologist, established Key Laser in Portland, Oregon in 1998. His vision was to create a specialty practice focused exclusively on the non-invasive prevention and ...Medical, surgical and cosmetic dermatology services to treat and protect your skin, preserving it to maintain your natural beauty for years to come. Located in Oakville, Ontario, Canada. Oakville Dermatology & Cosmetics by …The practitioners at Laser Dermatology perform subtle cosmetic and anti-ageing procedures, and aim to provide an outcome which makes clients look naturally healthy and happy. It is a Medicare requirement that all …Medical and cosmetic dermatologists based in Melbourne specialising in the early detection of skin cancer, medical, surgical and aesthetic dermatology. About. ... Laser & Cosmetic Enquiries: [email protected]. Fitzroy North. 379 St Georges Rd Fitzroy North 3068. Get Directions >The UAB Cosmetic Dermatology & Laser Clinic offers the latest and most effective surgical and non-surgical procedures. Procedures designed to firm, smooth, or clear up your skin and achieve a healthier, more youthful look. Our experienced staff understands a healthy appearance can make you feel more confident.305-243-6704. The Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery’s Cosmetic Division at UHealth offers an extensive list of cosmetic procedures that reverse the effects of aging and enhance your natural beauty. All our faculty are board-certified dermatologists treating your clinical and cosmetic dermatology needs.The UAB Cosmetic Dermatology & Laser Clinic offers the latest and most effective surgical and non-surgical procedures. Procedures designed to firm, smooth, or clear up your skin and achieve a healthier, more youthful look. Our experienced staff understands a healthy appearance can make you feel more confident.Laser in Dermatology: the present. By the first researches of Goldman, modern dermatology may have at the disposal of a wide range of laser equipment, often very similar …FACES Dermatology brings you advanced skincare solutions in Santa Clarita, CA. Contact us today to learn more or make an appointment. Skip to Content 661-254-7400 ... Faces Cosmetic Laser Center, Lyons Avenue, Santa Clarita, CA, USA. View on Google Maps. Back to the top.See full list on mayoclinic.org Our Mission Is to Provide a Professional & Caring Approach to SkinCare. Cosmetic Dermatology specialises in hair removal, photo rejuvenation, skin rejuvenation, glycolic skin. peels, facial veins, rosacea, sunspots, age spots, hyperhidrosis, fractional RF treatment, ZO skin products. and acne treatment, Reaction facial skin tightening. Schweiger Dermatology Group offers several laser and light treatments for skin, giving patients options to achieve a more youthful look, making skin smoother and even-toned, and creating a firmer texture. Call Schweiger Dermatology Group today at (844) DERM-DOC to schedule a consultation. We offer laser, cosmetic and medical procedures at this location, and the services are performed by a Harvard fellowship-trained, board-certified dermatologist. Learn More. LHMC provides a full range of laser procedures and cosmetic dermatology services at our Lynnfield location. Call 781-744-7993 to make an appointment.E-Commerce Policies. BOOK AN APPOINTMENT. Laser & Skin Surgery Center. of Northern California. 3835 J Street Sacramento, CA 95816. Telephone: (916) 456-0400. Fax: (916) 456-0499. Laser & Skin Surgery Center of Northern California Medispa. 3837 J Street Sacramento, CA 95816.The ENRICH Clinic team consists of cosmetic doctors, dermatologists, an allergist specialist, and a team of nurses in clinic. Our practice has over 30 years of experience in both cosmetic and medical skin treatments. To book an appointment call us on (03) 9500 9500.Meet Dr. R. As a world-renowned expert in non-invasive cosmetic and laser procedures, Dr. Cameron Rokhsar is recognized by MAGAZINE as one of the TOP dermatologists and cosmetic surgeons in the New York tri-state area. Offering over 40 lasers and energy-based devices in our centers, Dr. Rokhsar has been involved in the …Oct 12, 2021 · Cosmetic Laser Dermatology has been San Diego’s #1 destination for beautiful skin for over 35 years. With seven board-certified dermatologists and more than 100 years of combined dermatologic surgery experience, Cosmetic Laser Dermatology has made a name for itself as one of the world’s leading cosmetic dermatology practices. But building an over $20 million per The growing interest in maintaining a youthful appearance has encouraged an accelerated development of innovative, minimally invasive aesthetic treatments for facial …305-243-6704. The Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery’s Cosmetic Division at UHealth offers an extensive list of cosmetic procedures that reverse the effects of aging and enhance your natural beauty. All our faculty are board-certified dermatologists treating your clinical and cosmetic dermatology needs.RESEARCH. Cosmetic Laser Dermatology is at the forefront of laser and cosmetic surgery research. Our board-certified dermatologists have been a part of over 280 studies since 1974 and are in constant pursuit of advancing the field of cosmetic and laser dermatology. Eligible participants may receive free treatment and/or additional compensation ... Michigan Medicine Cosmetic Dermatology and Laser Center. Taubman Center Level 1, Reception B. 1500 E. Medical Center Drive. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5314. Welcome to the University of Michigan Cosmetic Dermatology & Laser Center We've all heard the saying "Beauty is only skin deep." The truth is, feeling confident about your outward appearance can ... Jul 23, 2020 · Learn how lasers can treat skin conditions such as fine lines, wrinkles, scars, acne, blood vessels, tattoos and sun damage. Find out the advantages, risks and types of laser skin treatments, such as ablative and nonablative lasers, and how they work. At Advanced Skin Clinic & Surgery, we offer a variety of both cosmetic and laser dermatology services. Keep reading to learn more or call our office with any questions. (909) 946-8600 Specialties: We combine major cosmetic breakthroughs of science and medicine with the art of vision, creativity, and skill to bring our patients the ultimate in rejuvenation, and personalized attention, in a warm social environment. We will work with you to design a prescription for rejuvenation based on your own unique cosmetic goals. We offer an environment staffed with …The lasers used in aesthetic dermatology are either ablative or nonablative. Ablative lasers do their work on the surface of the skin, impacting the outer layer but …With an integrated staff made up of MDs, PAs, RNs, estheticians, laser specialists, and more, we seek to provide the highest standard of care in each of our disciplines and procedures. We also work hard to learn, develop, and train the newest techniques. Dermablue: North Carolina's Leading Clinic For Skin Rejuvenation and Cosmetic …Friendswood Dermatology, Cosmetic & Skin Cancer Center offers comprehensive services in both clinical and cosmetic dermatology. Google+ Google+. FRIENDSWOOD DERMATOLOGY (281) 482- 3376: Home Information Laser Appointment ... o Laser (IPL, ResurFX, Nd:YAG)Laserderm Dermatology & Cosmetic Laser Surgery is located in Smithtown, NY and is dedicated to providing a full range of medical and cosmetic dermatological services to help you enjoy healthy, glowing skin. Dr. Serure and her team diagnose, treat and help patients manage conditions such as acne, rashes, eczema, rosacea, skin cancer, moles, warts, psoriasis, and …Jason R. Lupton, M.D. is a fellowship-trained dermatologist, board certified by the American Board of Dermatology. He specializes in skin cancer prevention and treatment and minimally invasive cosmetic procedures such as Botox, Restylane, Radiesse, Juvederm, eMatrix, Vanquish, skin tightening with Ulthera, and facial and body contouring and tightening with the …At Louisville Dermatology: Middletown, we offer cosmetic dermatology services that are customized to your unique needs. Our treatments, including chemical peels, laser treatments, and injectables, are designed to enhance the appearance of your skin and address concerns like wrinkles, dark spots, acne, and uneven skin tone.In 2010, she completed a prestigious laser and cosmetic surgery fellowship program at Cosmetic Laser Dermatology in La Jolla, CA with world-renowned dermatologist and cosmetic surgeon Dr. Mitchel Goldman. Since that time, she has served as a consultant, physician trainer, clinical investigator, and advisory board member for many of the leading ...Current medical lasers can be used to fade or remove many vascular and pigmented birthmarks, decorative and traumatic tattoos, solar and rosacea telangiectasia, and many acquired …
Cosmetic dermatology services include chemical peels, microneedling (collagen induction therapy), Botox, fillers, and laser treatments. OUR MISSION. At the Art of Dermatology, we deliver the highest standard of …. Allen university
Cosmetic Laser Dermatology. 9339 Genesee Ave Suite 300 San Diego, CA 92121 (858) 943-2113. Luminous Dermatology, Santa Maria. 2151 South College Drive, Suite 10. Santa Maria, CA 93455 (805) 934-1230. Luminous Dermatology, Santa Barbara. 504 West Pueblo Street, Suite 102 Santa Barbara, CA 93105Vanderbilt Cosmetic Dermatology Franklin. 2179 Edward Curd Lane, Suite 201. Franklin, TN 37067. (615) 791-7254. Get Directions.Passionate About Innovation in Cosmetic Dermatology. Treating All Skin Types: Dr. Boen has a multicultural background, Polish and Chinese, and is passionate about treating all skin types. ... Cosmetic Laser Dermatology 9339 Genesee Ave #300 San Diego, CA 92121 858.943.2113.Sacramento Dermatology, Laser Treatments and Skin Care. The Center for Dermatology and Laser Surgery was originally established in 1981 by Emil A. Tanghetti, M.D. as a practice solely devoted to diseases and surgeries of the skin. As his practice has expanded over the past three decades, so has the range of services Dr. Tanghetti now offers.Call our office directly at 419.948.DERM (3376) Voted Best Dermatologist in Toledo, and also voted Best Doctor in Toledo, Dr. Matthew Molenda and Bravia Dermatology is the destination for world class skin care. Dr. Molenda completed his fellowship training in Mohs and Reconstructive, Cosmetic, and Laser surgery at the Cleveland Clinic ...Enhance the look and feel of your skin with our cosmetic dermatology services at VitalSkin Decatur – Ash Avenue. We offer a wide range of treatments, including chemical peels, laser treatments, injectables, and hair removal, to address concerns such as wrinkles, dark spots, acne, and unwanted hairBrisbane Skin is a unique concept in dermatology, offering the best of medical care in a luxurious, welcoming environment. A state-of-the-art laser clinic and cosmetic dermatologist Brisbane. Book a consultation today.Dr Nina is an experienced medical, laser and cosmetic dermatologist . Her special interests include acne & acne scarring, rosacea, melasma, scars and laser dermatology. Dr Nina Wines is the co-founder and principal dermatologist of one of Australia’s largest & leading dermatology clinics, Northern Sydney Dermatology & Laser. She has gained a ...See full list on mayoclinic.org As a leading dermatology clinic in Melbourne, Sinclair Dermatology offers an extended range of cosmeceutical skincare options to support the medical treatment of acne, ageing, pigmentation, redness, unwanted hair growth and scars. Cosmeceutical products have both cosmetic and medical effects and are designed to improve the skins health and ...305-243-6704. The Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery’s Cosmetic Division at UHealth offers an extensive list of cosmetic procedures that reverse the effects of aging and enhance your natural beauty. All our faculty are board-certified dermatologists treating your clinical and cosmetic dermatology needs.Call/Text 858.943.2113. Our skin care center works hard to remain at the forefront of laser and cosmetic surgery research. Our studies are conducted by board-certified dermatologists in pursuit of advancing the field of cosmetic and laser dermatology while optimizing your skin in the process. Call us in San Diego today.The practitioners at Laser Dermatology perform subtle cosmetic and anti-ageing procedures, and aim to provide an outcome which makes clients look naturally healthy and happy. It is a Medicare requirement that all …RESEARCH. Cosmetic Laser Dermatology is at the forefront of laser and cosmetic surgery research. Our board-certified dermatologists have been a part of over 280 studies since 1974 and are in constant pursuit of advancing the field of cosmetic and laser dermatology. Eligible participants may receive free treatment and/or additional compensation ...Jan 1, 2023 · The TSLMS puts on an annual meeting known as SCALE, or Symposium for Cosmetic Advances & Laser Education, now in its 12th year. Dr. Gold also help start two international groups: the Dermatologic Aesthetic Surgery International League (DASIL) which aims to create a global community for the open exchange of knowledge and innovation by physicians ... .